religião
GRECIA E A TEOLOGIA
יוון ותיאולוגיה
Grécia (em grego:
Ελλάδα; transl.: Elláda), oficialmente República Helênica(português brasileiro)
ou Helénica (português europeu) e conhecida desde a antiguidade como Hellas (em
grego: Ἑλλάς), é um país localizado no sudeste da Europa.4 De acordo com dados
do censo de 2011, a população grega é de cerca de 11 milhões de pessoas. Atenas
é a capital e a maior cidade do país.
O país está
estrategicamente localizado no cruzamento entre a Europa, a Ásia, o Oriente
Médio e a África.5 6 7 Tem fronteiras terrestres com a Albânia a noroeste, com
a República da Macedônia e a Bulgária ao norte e com a Turquiano nordeste. O
país é composto por nove regiões geográficas: Macedônia, Grécia Central,
Peloponeso, Tessália, Épiro, Ilhas Egeias (incluindo o Dodecaneso e Cíclades),
Trácia, Creta e Ilhas Jônicas. O Mar Egeu fica a leste do continente, o Mar
Jônico a oeste e o Mar Mediterrâneo ao sul. A Grécia tem a 11ª maior costa do
mundo, com 13 676 quilômetros de comprimento, com um grande número de ilhas
(cerca de 1 400, das quais 227 são habitadas). Oitenta por cento do país é
composto por montanhas, das quais o Monte Olimpo é a mais elevada, a 2 917
metros de altitude.
A Grécia moderna tem
suas raízes para na civilização da Grécia Antiga, considerada o berço de toda a
civilização ocidental. Como tal, é o local de origem da democracia,8 da
filosofia ocidental,9 dos Jogos Olímpicos, da literatura ocidental, da
historiografia, da ciência política, de grandes princípios científicos e
matemáticos,10 das artes cênicas ocidentais,11 incluindo a tragédia e a
comédia. As conquistas culturais e tecnológicas gregas influenciaram
grandemente o mundo, sendo que muitos aspectos da civilização grega foram
transmitidos para o Oriente através de campanhas de Alexandre, o Grande, e para
o Ocidente, através do Império Romano. Este rico legado é parcialmente
refletida nos 17 locais considerados pela UNESCO como Patrimônio Mundial no
território grego, o sétimo maior número da Europa e o 13º do mundo. O Estado
grego moderno, que engloba a maior parte do núcleo histórico da civilização
grega antiga, foi criado em 1830, após a Guerra da Independência Grega contra o
antigo Império Otomano.
Atualmente, a Grécia
é um democrático12 e desenvolvido13 14 com uma economia avançada e de alta
renda,15 um alto padrão de vida16 17 e um índice de desenvolvimento humano
(IDH) considerado muito alto pelas Nações Unidas.3 A Grécia é um membro
fundador da Organização das Nações Unidas(ONU), é membro do que é hoje a União
Europeia desde 1981 (e da Zona Eurodesde 2001),18 além de ser membro da
Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN) desde 1952. A economia grega é
também a maior dos Balcãs, onde a Grécia é um importante investidor regional.
Grego é o nome pelo
qual os romanos designavam os helenos, habitantes da Hélade que ficou conhecida
como Grécia. As formas portuguesa Grécia,castelhana, romena e italiana Grecia,
francesa Grèce, inglesa Greece, alemãGriechenland são um eruditismo calcado
sobre o latim Græcia (com o etnônimorespectivo grego, griego, grec, greco, grec,
greek e griechisch, do latimgræcus')'.
O geônimo latino se
funda sobre o etnônimo, com sufixo (-ia), latim típico de nome de país ou
região. O etnônimo latino é empréstimo ao grego graikós("grego"), que
sob a forma plural graikoí, principiou a ser episodicamente empregado em lugar
do grego ΄ελληνες (helenos) somente depois de Aristóteles. Mesmo o latim
Græcia, antes de designar a totalidade do país, foi usado com epítetos (Græcia
Ulterior, Magna Græcia), ou no plural, Græciæ ("Grécias"), quando
abarcava o todo.O todo em latim foi de início designado como Hellas,
- adis, Hélade. Assim, por exemplo, em Plínio, o Velho. Em Cassiodoro já ocorre a forma latina Hellada.
Esta, por sua vez, é empréstimo do gr. Hellás - ádos,
que desde Ésquilodesigna a
totalidade das regiões habitadas pelos helenos.
Antiguidade
Mapa das colônias gregas no Mar Mediterrâneo.
Partenon, na Acrópole de Atenas.
A antiga Grécia Continental fazia limites
com a Ilíria a norte, a leste com o Egeu, a oestecom o mar Jónico, e a sul com
o Mediterrâneo. Tinha mais de 100 000 km². Herdeira daGrécia Antiga, a nação
grega moderna tem uma longa e rica história durante o qual estendeu sua
influência ao longo de três continentes: Europa, Ásia e África. O litoral
doEgeu foi o cenário do surgimento de algumas das primeiras civilizações da
Europa, como aminoica (em memória do lendário Rei Minos) e a micênica.19
Foi nesse pequeno país que a
civilização ocidental começou há mais de dois mil e oitocentos anos. Naquele
tempo a civilização grega estava dividida em cidades Estado (polis) que
dominavam grandes áreas das margens do Mediterrâneo e do mar Negro. Após seu
desaparecimento, ressurgiu em torno de 700. A.C.,20 até ser conquistada
militarmente por Roma em 168 a.C.21
No entanto, a superioridade da cultura
grega gerou uma profunda influência na cultura romana, por isso o filósofo
Horácio fez a seguinte afirmação: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (em
português: "A Grécia, embora capturada, manteve seu selvagem conquistador
em cativeiro"). Na verdade, na parte oriental do império, a língua e a
cultura gregas continuaram a ser muito influentes na sociedade.22
O Império Bizantino estabeleceu-se como
um dos maiores impérios da história da Europa e abrangia um território que ia
do Mar Adriático e ao sul da Itália e o Oriente Médio. Constantinopla se
destacou como uma segunda Roma como o centro herdeiro das civilizações da
Grécia e da Roma antigas. O império grego de Bizâncio também foi um dos
impérios mais longevos da história: existiu durante mais de 1000 anos, do
século V ao XV.23
Período contemporâneo
Uma fragata otomana em chamas durante a
Guerra da Independência Grega(1821–1829).
Após a Queda de Constantinopla, a
capital do antigo Império, os otomanos invadiram a Grécia, assim como o resto
da Península Balcânica. Os gregos viveram por 350 anos sob domínio turco, que
terminou em 1821, com a Guerra da Independência Grega.24
Ao recuperar a independência em parte
do seu território, a Grécia tornou-se um Estado europeu moderno, sendo o nobre
Ioannis Kapodistrias o primeiro-ministro da Grécia moderna. No final do século
XIX, os gregos continuaram a batalha contra os turcos para continuar liberando
territórios anteriormente ocupados, como Tessália e Epiro. Durante as Guerras
dos Balcãs, a Grécia conseguiu também recuperar a Trácia e a Macedônia. Em
1922, a invasão grega da Ásia Menor durante a Guerra Grego Turca, no entanto,
acabou com a derrota e expulsão de 1,5 milhões de gregos, terminando com 4000 anos
de presença grega ininterrupta no leste do mar Egeu.25
A Entrada do Rei Oto
I em Atenas, Peter von Hess, 1839
Durante a década de
1930, a Grécia foi arrastada ao fascismo através do ditador Ioánnis Metaxás.
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o país foi ocupado pelas Potências do Eixo
(Alemanha nazista e Itália fascista) e nela estabeleceu-se um governo colaboracionista.
26 A ocupação nazista foi seguida pela Guerra Civil Grega, que terminou em
1949.27
Em 1952, o país
aderiu à Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN ou NATO) e, em 1981, à
União Europeia (UE).28 Atualmente, a nação grega é definida como uma
repúblicaparlamentar democrática que alcançou um desenvolvimento econômico e
social considerável.
Em 2010 a Grécia, já
castigada pela crise financeira de 2008-2009, foi o protagonista de uma crise
de confiança que se espalhou por toda a União Europeia. O país então viu o
crescente interesse que os investidores exigiram para comprar sua dívida e foi
forçado a realizar reformas fiscais destinadas a reduzir o seu défice à custa
do crescimento econômico e do perigo de uma recaída na recessão, correndo o
risco de ter que sair da zona euro.29
Geografia
Monte Olimpo, o ponto mais alto da
Grécia.
Ver artigo principal: Geografia da Grécia
Ver página anexa: Lista de ilhas da Grécia
O país consiste de um território
continental na extremidade sul dos Bálcãs, da península doPeloponeso, separada
do continente pelo canal de Corinto, e de numerosas ilhas, incluindo Creta,
Rodes, Eubeia e os arquipélagos do Dodecaneso e das Cíclades no mar Egeu, e
dasIlhas Jónicas no mar Jónico. A Grécia tem mais de 14880 km de costas e uma
fronteira terrestre de 1160 km.
Cerca de 80% da Grécia é território
montanhoso ou, pelo menos, acidentado. A maior parte do país é seco e rochoso.
Só 28% da terra é arável. A Grécia Ocidental contém lagos e zonas húmidas. O
Pindo, a cadeia montanhosa central, tem uma altitude média de 2650 m. O lendário
monte Olimpo (Macedônia) é o ponto mais alto da Grécia, atingindo 2917 m de altitude.
Clima
]
Praia Navagio, em
Zaquintos.
O clima da Grécia
pode ser classificado em três tipos (mediterrânico, a alpino e otemperado) que
influenciam regiões bem definidas do seu território. A cadeia de montanhas de
Pindo afeta fortemente o clima do país, tornando o lado ocidental dela (áreas
propensas a ventos do sul), em média, mais úmidas do que as áreas situadas a
leste da mesma (sotavento das montanhas). O tipo de clima mediterrâneo
apresenta invernos suaves e húmidos e verões quentes e secos. As regiões das
Cíclades, Dodecaneso e Creta, noPeloponeso Oriental e partes da Grécia Central,
são as regiões mais afetados por este tipo de clima. Temperaturas raramente
atingem valores extremos ao longo das costas, embora, como a Grécia é um país
altamente montanhoso, nevascas ocorrem com frequência no inverno. Às vezes neva
mesmo nas Cidades ou no Dodecaneso.
O clima alpino é
dominante, principalmente nas áreas montanhosas do noroeste da Grécia (partes
do Épiro, na Grécia central,Tessália, Macedônia Ocidental), bem como na parte
central do Peloponeso, incluindo partes das prefeituras da Acaia, Arcádia e Lacônia,
onde a cadeia de montanhas do Pindo passa. Finalmente, o clima temperado afeta
a Macedônia Central e Macedônia Oriental e Trácia, que apresenta invernos frios
e úmidos e verões quentes e secos com tempestades frequentes. Atenas está
localizada em uma área de transição que caracteriza os climas mediterrânico e
temperado. Os subúrbios ao norte da cidade são dominados pelo clima temperado,
enquanto o centro da cidade e os subúrbios ao sul desfrutam de um clima
mediterrânico típico.
Demografia
Hermópolis, capital da ilha de Siro e das Ciclades.
O órgão de estatística oficial da Grécia é o Instituto Nacional de
Estatística da Grécia (INEG). De acordo com o INEG, a população total da Grécia
em 2001 era de 10.964.020.30Esse número é dividido em 5.427.682 homens e
5.536.338 mulheres. 30 Como as estatísticas de 1971, 1981 e 2001 demonstram, a
população grega sofreu envelhecimento ao longo de décadas. 30
A taxa de natalidade em 2003 situou-se em 9,5 por mil habitantes (14,5
por 1.000 em 1981). Ao mesmo tempo, a taxa de mortalidade aumentou
ligeiramente, de 8,9 por mil habitantes em 1981 para 9,6 por mil habitantes em
2003. Em 2001, 16,71% da população tinha 65 anos ou mais, 68,12% entre as
idades de 15 e 64 anos, e 15,18% tinham 14 anos ou menos. 30
A sociedade grega também mudou rapidamente com o passar do tempo. As
taxas de casamento continuavam a cair de quase 71 por mil habitantes em 1981
até 2002, para 51 em 2004.30 As taxas de divórcio, por outro lado, têm
aumentado - de 191,2 por mil casamentos em 1991, para 239,5 por 1000 casamentos
em 2004.30 Quase dois terços do povo grego vivem em áreas urbanas. Os maiores
municípios da Grécia em 2001 foram: Atenas, Salónica, Pireu, Pátras, Heraclião,
Larissa eVolos.31
Ao longo do século XX, milhões de gregos emigraram para os Estados
Unidos, Reino Unido, Austrália, Canadá e Alemanha, criando uma grande diáspora
grega. A tendência de migração, no entanto, foi revertida após importantes
melhoramentos da economia grega desde os anos 1980.
GREECE AND THEOLOGY
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H % C3 % A9lade
Greece ( Greek: Ελλάδα , transl : . Elláda ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Brazilian Portuguese ) or Hellenic ( European Portuguese ) , known since antiquity as Hellas (Greek: Ἑλλάς ) , is a country located in Southeast Europe.4 according to census data from 2011, the Greek population is about 11 million people . Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country .
The country is strategically located at the crossroads between Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa.5 6 7 It has land borders with Albania northwest , with the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and the northeast Turquiano . The country consists of nine geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , Peloponnese , Thessaly, Epirus , Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete and the Ionian Islands . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the continent , the Ionian Sea to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km in length , with a large number of islands ( approximately 1400 , of which 227 are inhabited ) . Eighty percent of the country consists of mountains , of which Mount Olympus is the highest , at 2917 meters of altitude.
Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece , considered the cradle of all Western civilization. As such , it is the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy 8 , 9 of the Olympic Games , Western literature, historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , 10 of Western performing arts , including 11 tragedy and comedy. Cultural and technological achievements greatly influenced the Greek world, and many aspects of Greek civilization were transmitted to the East through campaigns of Alexander the Great and the West , through the Roman Empire . This rich legacy is partly reflected in the 17 sites considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in Greek territory , the seventh highest number in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state that encompasses most of the historic core of the ancient Greek civilization , was created in 1830 , following the Greek War of Independence against the former Ottoman Empire .
Currently , Greece is a democrático12 and desenvolvido13 14 with an advanced and high-income economy , a high standard of 15 vida16 17:01 Human Development Index ( HDI ) considered too high by the United Unidas.3 Greece is a founding member of United Nations ( UN) , a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 ( and Zone Eurodesde 2001) , 18 and a member of the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty ( NATO ) since 1952 . The Greek economy is also the largest in the Balkans , where Greece is an important regional investor.
Greek is the name by which the Romans called the Greeks , inhabitants of what became known as Hellas Greece. The Portuguese forms Greece , Castilian , Spanish and Italian Greece , Grèce French , English Greece , alemãGriechenland are one trampled scholarship on Latin Graecia ( with Greek etnônimorespectivo , griego , grec , greco, grec , greek and griechisch of latimgræcus ' ) ' .
The Latin geônimo is based on the ethnonym with suffix ( - ia), typical Latin name of country or region . The Latin ethnonym is lending to the Greek Graikos ( " Greek " ) , which in the plural form graikoí , began to be used in place episodically Greek ελληνες ( Hellenes ) only after Aristotle . Even Latin Graecia before designate the entire country, has been used with epithets ( Ulterior Graecia Magna Graecia ) , or plural Græciæ ( " Greeces " ) when encompassed all whole.The Latin was designated as early Hellas - adis , Hellas . Thus, for example, Pliny the Elder . Cassiodorus in the Latin form Hellada longer occurs. This, in turn, is loan gr. Hellas - ADOS , since Ésquilodesigna all the regions inhabited by the Hellenes .
history
seniority
Map of the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean Sea.
Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens .
Ancient Greece was Continental limits with Illyria to the north east with the Aegean , the oestecom the Ionian Sea , and south to the Mediterranean. Had more than 100 000 km ² . Former daGrécia heir , the modern Greek nation has a long and rich history during which extended its influence over three continents : Europe, Asia and Africa . The doEgeu coast was the scene of the emergence of some of the earliest civilizations of Europe , as aminoica (in memory of the legendary King Minos ) and micênica.19
It was in this small country that Western civilization began more than two thousand eight hundred years. At that time the Greek civilization was divided into cities state ( polis ) who dominated large parts of the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Sea . After his disappearance , resurfaced around 700 . AC , 20 to be militarily conquered by Rome in 168 AC21
However , the superiority of Greek culture created a profound influence on Roman culture , so the philosopher Horace made the following statement : Graecia captures ferum victorem cepit (in Portuguese : "Greece , although captured , retained its wild conqueror captive " ) . In fact , in the eastern part of the empire , the Greek language and culture continued to be very influential in sociedade.22
The Byzantine Empire has established itself as one of the greatest empires in the history of Europe and covered a region from the Adriatic Sea to southern Italy and the Middle East . Constantinople stood as a second Rome as the heir to the center of the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. The Greek Empire of Byzantium was also one of the oldest empires in history : existed for over 1000 years , from the fifth century to XV.23
contemporary period
An Ottoman frigate on fire during the Greek War of Independence ( 1821-1829 ) .
After the Fall of Constantinople , the capital of the ancient Empire , the Ottomans invaded Greece , as well as the rest of the Balkan Peninsula . The Greeks lived for 350 years under Turkish rule , which ended in 1821 , with the War of Independence Grega.24
To regain the independence part of its territory , Greece has become a modern European state , the noble Ioannis Kapodistrias being the prime minister of modern Greece . In the late nineteenth century , the Greeks continued to battle against the Turks to continue releasing previously occupied territories , as Thessaly and Epirus . During the Balkan Wars , Greece could also recover Thrace and Macedonia . In 1922 , the Greek invasion of Asia Minor during the Greek Turkish War , however, ended with the defeat and expulsion of 1.5 million Greeks , ending with 4000 years of uninterrupted Greek presence in the east of the Sea Egeu.25
The Entry of King Otto I in Athens , Peter von Hess , 1839
During the 1930s , Greece was drawn to fascism dictator Ioannis Metaxas through . During World War II , the country was occupied by the Axis powers ( Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ) and it has established a collaborationist government . 26 The Nazi occupation was followed by the Greek Civil War , which ended in 1949.27
In 1952 , the country joined the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty ( NATO or NATO ) and , in 1981 , the European Union ( EU ) .28 Currently , the Greek nation is defined as a democratic repúblicaparlamentar that achieved considerable economic and social development .
In 2010 Greece , already battered by the financial crisis of 2008-2009 , was the protagonist of a crisis of confidence that has spread throughout the European Union . The country then saw the growing interest that investors demanded to buy its debt and was forced to undertake fiscal reforms aimed at reducing the deficit at the expense of economic growth and the danger of a relapse into recession , the risk of having to leave the zone euro.29
geography
Mount Olympus , the highest point of Greece .
Main article : Geography of Greece
Main article : List of islands of Greece
The country consists of a mainland at the southern end of the Balkans , the doPeloponeso peninsula separated from the mainland by the Corinth Canal , and numerous islands , including Crete, Rhodes , Euboea and the islands of the Dodecanese and the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea , and dasIlhas the Ionian Ionian Sea . Greece has more than 14880 km of coasts and land border of 1160 km .
About 80 % of Greece is mountainous territory or at least injured . Most of the country is dry rock . Only 28 % of the land is arable . Western Greece contains lakes and wetlands . The Pindus , the central mountain chain , has an average altitude of 2650 m . The legendary Mount Olympus ( Macedonia ) is the highest point of Greece , reaching 2917 m in altitude . climate
]
Shipwreck beach in Zakynthos .
The climate of Greece can be classified into three types ( the Mediterranean , the Alpine and otemperado ) that influence well-defined regions of its territory . The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country by making the western side of it ( prone to winds from the south areas ) , on average , wetter than areas to the east of it ( lee side of the mountains ) . The Mediterranean type of climate features mild, wet winters and hot dry summers . The regions of the Cyclades , Dodecanese and Crete, noPeloponeso East and parts of Central Greece , are the regions most affected by this type of climate. Temperatures rarely reach extreme values along the coasts , though , as Greece is a highly mountainous country , snowfalls occur frequently in winter . Sometimes it snows even in cities or in the Dodecanese .
The alpine climate is dominant mainly in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece ( parts of Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia ) as well as in the central part of the Peloponnese , including parts of the prefectures of Achaia , Arcadia and Laconia , where mountain range of Pindus passes . Finally , the temperate climate affects Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace , which features cold , damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms . Athens is located in a transitional area featuring Mediterranean and temperate climates . The suburbs north of the city are dominated by the temperate climate , while the city center and the southern suburbs enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate .
demography
Hermopolis , capital of the island of Syros and the Cyclades .
The official statistical body of Greece is the National Statistical Service of Greece ( INEG ) . According to INEG , the total population of Greece in 2001 was 10.964.020.30Esse figure is divided into 5,427,682 males and 5,536,338 females. 30 As statistics from 1971 , 1981 and 2001 show , the Greek population has undergone aging for decades . 30
The birth rate in 2003 stood at 9.5 per thousand ( 14.5 per 1,000 in 1981 ) . At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per thousand in 1981 to 9.6 per thousand in 2003. In 2001 , 16.71% of the population was 65 or older , 68.12 % between the ages of 15 and 64 years old , and 15.18% were 14 years or less. 30
Greek society has also rapidly changed with the passage of time. Marriage rates kept falling from almost 71 per thousand in 1981 to 2002 to 51 in 2004.30 Divorce rates on the other hand , have increased - from 191.2 per thousand marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1000 weddings in 2004.30 Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas . Larger municipalities of Greece in 2001 were : Athens, Thessaloniki , Piraeus , Patras , Heraklion , Larissa eVolos.31
Throughout the twentieth century , millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom , Australia, Canada and Germany , creating a large Greek diaspora . The trend , however , was reversed after significant improvements in the Greek economy since the 1980s .
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.pt
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H % C3 % A9lade
Greece ( Greek: Ελλάδα , transl : . Elláda ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Brazilian Portuguese ) or Hellenic ( European Portuguese ) , known since antiquity as Hellas (Greek: Ἑλλάς ) , is a country located in Southeast Europe.4 according to census data from 2011, the Greek population is about 11 million people . Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country .
The country is strategically located at the crossroads between Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa.5 6 7 It has land borders with Albania northwest , with the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and the northeast Turquiano . The country consists of nine geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , Peloponnese , Thessaly, Epirus , Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete and the Ionian Islands . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the continent , the Ionian Sea to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km in length , with a large number of islands ( approximately 1400 , of which 227 are inhabited ) . Eighty percent of the country consists of mountains , of which Mount Olympus is the highest , at 2917 meters of altitude.
Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece , considered the cradle of all Western civilization. As such , it is the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy 8 , 9 of the Olympic Games , Western literature, historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , 10 of Western performing arts , including 11 tragedy and comedy. Cultural and technological achievements greatly influenced the Greek world, and many aspects of Greek civilization were transmitted to the East through campaigns of Alexander the Great and the West , through the Roman Empire . This rich legacy is partly reflected in the 17 sites considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in Greek territory , the seventh highest number in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state that encompasses most of the historic core of the ancient Greek civilization , was created in 1830 , following the Greek War of Independence against the former Ottoman Empire .
Currently , Greece is a democrático12 and desenvolvido13 14 with an advanced and high-income economy , a high standard of 15 vida16 17:01 Human Development Index ( HDI ) considered too high by the United Unidas.3 Greece is a founding member of United Nations ( UN) , a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 ( and Zone Eurodesde 2001) , 18 and a member of the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty ( NATO ) since 1952 . The Greek economy is also the largest in the Balkans , where Greece is an important regional investor.
Greek is the name by which the Romans called the Greeks , inhabitants of what became known as Hellas Greece. The Portuguese forms Greece , Castilian , Spanish and Italian Greece , Grèce French , English Greece , alemãGriechenland are one trampled scholarship on Latin Graecia ( with Greek etnônimorespectivo , griego , grec , greco, grec , greek and griechisch of latimgræcus ' ) ' .
The Latin geônimo is based on the ethnonym with suffix ( - ia), typical Latin name of country or region . The Latin ethnonym is lending to the Greek Graikos ( " Greek " ) , which in the plural form graikoí , began to be used in place episodically Greek ελληνες ( Hellenes ) only after Aristotle . Even Latin Graecia before designate the entire country, has been used with epithets ( Ulterior Graecia Magna Graecia ) , or plural Græciæ ( " Greeces " ) when encompassed all whole.The Latin was designated as early Hellas - adis , Hellas . Thus, for example, Pliny the Elder . Cassiodorus in the Latin form Hellada longer occurs. This, in turn, is loan gr. Hellas - ADOS , since Ésquilodesigna all the regions inhabited by the Hellenes .
history
seniority
Map of the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean Sea.
Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens .
Ancient Greece was Continental limits with Illyria to the north east with the Aegean , the oestecom the Ionian Sea , and south to the Mediterranean. Had more than 100 000 km ² . Former daGrécia heir , the modern Greek nation has a long and rich history during which extended its influence over three continents : Europe, Asia and Africa . The doEgeu coast was the scene of the emergence of some of the earliest civilizations of Europe , as aminoica (in memory of the legendary King Minos ) and micênica.19
It was in this small country that Western civilization began more than two thousand eight hundred years. At that time the Greek civilization was divided into cities state ( polis ) who dominated large parts of the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Sea . After his disappearance , resurfaced around 700 . AC , 20 to be militarily conquered by Rome in 168 AC21
However , the superiority of Greek culture created a profound influence on Roman culture , so the philosopher Horace made the following statement : Graecia captures ferum victorem cepit (in Portuguese : "Greece , although captured , retained its wild conqueror captive " ) . In fact , in the eastern part of the empire , the Greek language and culture continued to be very influential in sociedade.22
The Byzantine Empire has established itself as one of the greatest empires in the history of Europe and covered a region from the Adriatic Sea to southern Italy and the Middle East . Constantinople stood as a second Rome as the heir to the center of the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. The Greek Empire of Byzantium was also one of the oldest empires in history : existed for over 1000 years , from the fifth century to XV.23
contemporary period
An Ottoman frigate on fire during the Greek War of Independence ( 1821-1829 ) .
After the Fall of Constantinople , the capital of the ancient Empire , the Ottomans invaded Greece , as well as the rest of the Balkan Peninsula . The Greeks lived for 350 years under Turkish rule , which ended in 1821 , with the War of Independence Grega.24
To regain the independence part of its territory , Greece has become a modern European state , the noble Ioannis Kapodistrias being the prime minister of modern Greece . In the late nineteenth century , the Greeks continued to battle against the Turks to continue releasing previously occupied territories , as Thessaly and Epirus . During the Balkan Wars , Greece could also recover Thrace and Macedonia . In 1922 , the Greek invasion of Asia Minor during the Greek Turkish War , however, ended with the defeat and expulsion of 1.5 million Greeks , ending with 4000 years of uninterrupted Greek presence in the east of the Sea Egeu.25
The Entry of King Otto I in Athens , Peter von Hess , 1839
During the 1930s , Greece was drawn to fascism dictator Ioannis Metaxas through . During World War II , the country was occupied by the Axis powers ( Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ) and it has established a collaborationist government . 26 The Nazi occupation was followed by the Greek Civil War , which ended in 1949.27
In 1952 , the country joined the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty ( NATO or NATO ) and , in 1981 , the European Union ( EU ) .28 Currently , the Greek nation is defined as a democratic repúblicaparlamentar that achieved considerable economic and social development .
In 2010 Greece , already battered by the financial crisis of 2008-2009 , was the protagonist of a crisis of confidence that has spread throughout the European Union . The country then saw the growing interest that investors demanded to buy its debt and was forced to undertake fiscal reforms aimed at reducing the deficit at the expense of economic growth and the danger of a relapse into recession , the risk of having to leave the zone euro.29
geography
Mount Olympus , the highest point of Greece .
Main article : Geography of Greece
Main article : List of islands of Greece
The country consists of a mainland at the southern end of the Balkans , the doPeloponeso peninsula separated from the mainland by the Corinth Canal , and numerous islands , including Crete, Rhodes , Euboea and the islands of the Dodecanese and the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea , and dasIlhas the Ionian Ionian Sea . Greece has more than 14880 km of coasts and land border of 1160 km .
About 80 % of Greece is mountainous territory or at least injured . Most of the country is dry rock . Only 28 % of the land is arable . Western Greece contains lakes and wetlands . The Pindus , the central mountain chain , has an average altitude of 2650 m . The legendary Mount Olympus ( Macedonia ) is the highest point of Greece , reaching 2917 m in altitude . climate
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Shipwreck beach in Zakynthos .
The climate of Greece can be classified into three types ( the Mediterranean , the Alpine and otemperado ) that influence well-defined regions of its territory . The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country by making the western side of it ( prone to winds from the south areas ) , on average , wetter than areas to the east of it ( lee side of the mountains ) . The Mediterranean type of climate features mild, wet winters and hot dry summers . The regions of the Cyclades , Dodecanese and Crete, noPeloponeso East and parts of Central Greece , are the regions most affected by this type of climate. Temperatures rarely reach extreme values along the coasts , though , as Greece is a highly mountainous country , snowfalls occur frequently in winter . Sometimes it snows even in cities or in the Dodecanese .
The alpine climate is dominant mainly in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece ( parts of Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia ) as well as in the central part of the Peloponnese , including parts of the prefectures of Achaia , Arcadia and Laconia , where mountain range of Pindus passes . Finally , the temperate climate affects Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace , which features cold , damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms . Athens is located in a transitional area featuring Mediterranean and temperate climates . The suburbs north of the city are dominated by the temperate climate , while the city center and the southern suburbs enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate .
demography
Hermopolis , capital of the island of Syros and the Cyclades .
The official statistical body of Greece is the National Statistical Service of Greece ( INEG ) . According to INEG , the total population of Greece in 2001 was 10.964.020.30Esse figure is divided into 5,427,682 males and 5,536,338 females. 30 As statistics from 1971 , 1981 and 2001 show , the Greek population has undergone aging for decades . 30
The birth rate in 2003 stood at 9.5 per thousand ( 14.5 per 1,000 in 1981 ) . At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per thousand in 1981 to 9.6 per thousand in 2003. In 2001 , 16.71% of the population was 65 or older , 68.12 % between the ages of 15 and 64 years old , and 15.18% were 14 years or less. 30
Greek society has also rapidly changed with the passage of time. Marriage rates kept falling from almost 71 per thousand in 1981 to 2002 to 51 in 2004.30 Divorce rates on the other hand , have increased - from 191.2 per thousand marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1000 weddings in 2004.30 Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas . Larger municipalities of Greece in 2001 were : Athens, Thessaloniki , Piraeus , Patras , Heraklion , Larissa eVolos.31
Throughout the twentieth century , millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom , Australia, Canada and Germany , creating a large Greek diaspora . The trend , however , was reversed after significant improvements in the Greek economy since the 1980s .
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