Gnosticismo
Parte
da série sobre
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Gnosticismo
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Proto-gnósticos
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Primórdios do gnosticismo
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Gnosticismo siríaco-egípcio[Expandir]
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Gnosticismo persa
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Gnosticismo medieval
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Gnosticismo cristão[Expandir]
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Conceitos
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Gnosticismo (do grego Γνωστικισμóς; transl.: (gnostikismós); de Γνωσις (gnosis):'conhecimento', (gnostikos):
aquele que tem o conhecimento) é um conjunto de correntes filosófico-religiosas sincréticas que
chegaram a mimetizar-se com o cristianismo nos primeiros
séculos de nossa era (sendo ele muitas vezes referenciado como "A Alta
Teologia"), vindo a ser declarado como um pensamento herético após
uma etapa em que conheceu prestígio entre os intelectuais cristãos.1 De fato, pode falar-se em um
gnosticismo pagão e em um gnosticismo cristão, ainda que o pensamento gnóstico
mais significativo tenha sido alcançado como uma vertente heterodoxa do cristianismo
primitivo.
O gnosticismo foi inicialmente
definido no contexto cristão embora alguns estudiosos
supõem que o gnosticismo se desenvolveu antes ou foram contemporâneos do
cristianismo, não há textos gnósticos até hoje descobertos que sejam anteriores
ao cristianismo4Os estudos do gnosticismo e do cristianismo primitivo da Alexandria receberam um forte impulso a partir da descoberta da Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi, em 1945
O termo "Gnosticismo
Irineu, quem usou pela primeira vez o termo "gnóstico" para
descrever as heresias
O termo
"gnosticismo" não aparece em fontes antigas o termo foi cunhado
por Henry More em um comentário sobre os Sete selos do Apocalipse
More usou o termo gnosticisme para descrever a heresia
em Tiatira (Apocalipse 2:18 até Apocalipse 2:29), no
mesmo sentido que seu contemporâneo Henry Hammond usou a expressão gnostick-heresi.
Esta última expressão vem da literatura heresiológica do início do
Cristianismo, especialmente de Irineu de Lyon Isto ocorre no
contexto do trabalho de Irineu Contra Heresias, (em
grego: ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς
ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως; elenchos kai anatrope tes pseudonymou gnoseos) onde o
termo "falsamente chamado conhecimento" (pseudonymos gnosis)
abrange vários grupos, não apenas Valentim, e é uma citação do aviso do
apóstolo Paulo contra "objeções de uma falsa
ciência" em I Timóteo 6:20. O significado comum de gnostikós em
textos gregos clássicos é "aprendido" ou "intelectual",
como usado na comparação de "prático" (praktikos) e
"intelectual" (gnostikós) o diálogo entre Platão,
Sócrates e o jovem estrangeiro em Político (258e). A
preferência de Platão pelo termo "aprendido" é bastante típico nos
textos clássicos.11
Durante o Período
helenístico, o termo passou também a ser associado a mistérios greco-romanos,
tornando-se sinônimo do termo grego musterion. O adjetivo não é
usado no Novo Testamento, mas Clemente de Alexandria no
Livro 7 de seu Stromata fala do "culto" (gnostikós)
cristão em bons termos. O uso de gnostikós em relação à
heresia origina com as interpretações de Irineu. Alguns estudiosos, por exemplo
A. Rousseau e L. Doutreleau, tradutores da edição francesa (1974),12consideram que Irineu às vezes usa gnostikos para
significar simplesmente "intelectual", como em 1.25.6, 1.11.3,
1.11.5, enquanto sua menção de "seita intelectual" (Adv. Haer.
1.11.1) é uma designação específica. O uso de Irineu por um adjetivo
comparativo "mais aprendido" ou "mais conhecedor" (gnostikeron),
evidentemente, não pode significar "mais gnóstico" como um nome Entre
os grupos que Irineu identificou como "intelectual" (gnostikos),
os seguidores das Marcellinas, os setianos ou
barbelognósticos usam o termognostikos a si mesmos. Mais tarde Hipólito usou
"aprendeu" (gnostikos) de Cerinto e dos ebionistas enquanto Epifânio usa
o mesmo termo somente para grupos específicos.
O uso do termo Gnosticismo
como uma categoria geral é problemático já que mesmo Irineu e seus sucessores
construíram uma única tipologia para os vários grupos hoje existentes e
cobertos por este termo. Os ensino evolui avança ao caracterizar que o
gnosticismo admite muitas exceções15 . O termo
"gnosticismo" ainda tem sido aplicado a muitas seitas modernas que têm
acesso aos arcanos iniciáticos. Longe de trazer uma clarificação torna ainda
mais impreciso o conceito, obstruindo a verdadeira compreensão histórica
Características gerais
Não existe um sistema gnóstico
único e uniforme. No entanto, há semelhanças suficientes para justificar uma
caracterização geral, lembrando que nem todo sistema inclui todos os elementos
e nesses termos17 . Estas características são
particulares ao gnosticismo cristão (de forma antagônica ou não à figura de
Cristo):
·
A estimativa do mundo, devido ao que precede,
como uma falha ou produto de um "erro", mas, possivelmente, benévolo
na medida do que o limite material permitir
A introdução de um deus criador distinto ou demiurgo, que é
uma ilusão e depois emanação a partir do único mônada ou
fonte. Este segundo deus é um deus menor, inferior ou falso. Esse deus criador
é comumente referido como o demiourgós. . O demiurgo gnóstico
apresenta semelhanças com as figuras de Platão em Timeu e A
República. No primeiro caso, o Demiurgo é uma figura central, um
criador benevolente do universo que trabalha para tornar o universo tão
benevolente quanto possível dentro do que as limitações da matéria permitirão,
neste último, a descrição de um desejo "leonino" no modelo de pisquê
de Sócratestem semelhança com as descrições do demiurgo como tendo
a forma de um leão, a passagem relevante de A República foi
encontrada dentro da Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi Jesus é
identificado por alguns gnósticos como uma encarnação do Ser Supremo para
trazer a gnōsis para a terra . Entre os mandeístas, Jesus
foi considerado um mšiha kdaba ou "falso messias",
que perverteu os ensinamentos que lhe foram confiados por João Batista .
Outras tradições identificam Maniqueu e Sete),
como o terceiro filho de Adão e Eva, como a figura de salvação Desejo
de conhecimento especial e íntimo dos segredos do universo. A salvação gnóstica
era da ignorância e não do pecado. O conhecimento não era apenas o meio de
salvação, era a única real salvação. O conhecimento era o conhecimento do
verdadeiroself, seu lugar no Pleroma e um
retorno de lá
·
Dualismo e Monismo
Normalmente, os sistemas
gnósticos são vagamente descritos como sendo de natureza "dualista" ,
o que significa que eles têm a visão de que o mundo é composto ou explicável
através de duas entidades fundamentais. Hans Jonas escreve:
"A característica fundamental do pensamento gnóstico é o dualismo radical
que rege a relação de Deus e do mundo, e, correspondentemente,
a do homem e do mundo"25
Dualismo
radicalOu dualismo absoluto, postula duas forças divinas co-iguais. O maniqueísmo concebe dois reinos anteriormente coexistentes de luz e de escuridão que se envolveram em um conflito, devido às ações caóticas desses últimos. Posteriormente, alguns elementos de luz tornaram-se presos dentro de trevas, o propósito da criação material é decretar o lento processo de extração destes elementos individuais, ao final do qual o reino da luz prevaleça sobre as trevas.
Monismo
qualificado
Onde se discute se a segunda
entidade é divina ou semi-divina. Os elementos das versões do mito gnóstico
Valentiniano sugerem para alguns que a sua compreensão do universo pode ter
sido monista, em vez de dualista. Elaine Pagels afirma que "gnosticismo
Valentiniano [...] difere essencialmente do dualismo enquanto que de
acordo com Schoedel: "um elemento padrão na interpretação do
Valentinianismo e formas semelhantes de gnosticismo é o reconhecimento de que
eles são fundamentalmente monistasNesses mitos, a malevolência do demiurgo é
mitigada; sua criação de uma materialidade falha não é devido à falta de
qualquer moral de sua parte, mas devido a sua imperfeição em contraste com as
entidades superiores de que ele não tem conhecimento. Como tal, os
Valentinianos já tem menos motivos para tratar a realidade física com o igual
desprezo que os gnósticos Setianistas. A tradição Valentiniana concebe
materialidade, não como sendo uma substância separada do divino, mas atribuída
a um "erro de percepção" que foi simbolizado mítica e poeticamente
como o ato da criação material.18
Conceitos e termos
Note que o texto a seguir é
formado por resumos das várias interpretações gnósticas reunidas. Os papéis de
alguns seres mais familiares, como Jesus Cristo, Sophia e
o Demiurgo geralmente compartilham os temais centrais entre os
vários sistemas, mas pode haver algumas diferentes funções ou identidades
atribuídos a eles em cada uma.
Em muitos sistemas gnósticos,
os aeons são várias emanações de um deus superior, que também
é conhecido por nomes como Mônada, Aion teleos (grego:
"O Perfeito Aeon"), Bythos (grego: Βυθος -
'profundidade') e muitos outros (veja o artigo principal). Deste ser inicial,
também um Aeon, uma série de diferentes emanações ocorreram, começando em
alguns textos gnósticos com ohermafrodita Barbelo de quem sucessivos pares de
Aeons emanam, frequentemente em pares masculino-feminino chamados
de sizígias; o número destes pares varia de texto para texto,
embora alguns identifiquem seu número como sendo trinta
Arconte
Arconte no
singular, (em grego: ἄρχων,
pl. ἄρχοντες; "alto oficial", "chefe", "magistrado")
seria qualquer um dos seres que foram criados juntamente como mundo material
por uma divindade subordinada chamada o Demiurgo (Criador). Os
gnósticos eram dualistasreligiosas, que considerou que a matéria é
má e o espírito bom e que a salvação é alcançada através do conhecimento
esotérico, ou gnose. Porque os gnósticos do segundo e terceiro séculos -
geralmente originadas dentro do cristianismo - consideravam o mundo material
como definitivamente mal ou como o produto de erro, os arcontes eram vistos
como forças maléficas35 .
Abraxas /
Abrasax
Abraxas ou Abrasax é o nome
gnóstico para o semideus que governa o 365o aeon, a esfera
final e mais alta. Os demonologistas cristãos colocam Abraxas no mesmo patamar
de demônios. Jung chamou Abraxas de "o realmente
terrível" por sua habilidade em gerar verdade e falsidade, bem e mail, luz
e sombra com as mesmas palavras e o mesmo empenho
Demiurgo
O termo Demiurgo deriva da
forma latinizada do termo grego dēmiourgos (δημιουργός),
literalmente, "artesão", "alguém com habilidade
específica", de dēmios do povo, popular (dēmos,
pessoas ou povo) e ourgos, trabalhador (ergon, trabalho)37 . No gnosticismo, o Demiurgo
não é Deus mas o arconte ou chefe da ordem dos espíritos
inferiores ou éons. De acordo com os gnósticos, o Demiurgo era capaz de dotar o
homem apenas com psiquê (alma sensível) - o pneuma (alma racional)
seria adicionada por Deus. Os gnósticos identificaram o Demiurgo com Jeová dos
hebreus
Gnose
Gnose vem da palavra grega gnosis (γνῶσις)
"conhecimento" significando o conhecimento direto sobre o divino que
por si só provê a salvação (assim conquistando o codinome de
"Alta Teologia"). Para os gnósticos antigos, a gnosis existia
no âmbito da cosmologia, do mito, da antropologia e da prática usada dentro de
seus grupos. Assim, a gnose não era apenas a iluminação mas viria acompanhada
por uma compreensão - como expressado nos Resumos de Teódoto
de Bizâncio- sobre "quem éramos, o que nos tornamos, onde estávamos,
para onde fomos lançados, para onde estamos indo, do que estamos libertos, o
que é o nascimento e o que é renascimento
gnosticism
Part of the series on
gnosticism
Proto - Gnostic
Beginnings of Gnosticism
Syriac - Egyptian Gnosticism [ Expand ]
gnosticism
Proto - Gnostic
Beginnings of Gnosticism
Syriac - Egyptian Gnosticism [ Expand ]
Persian Gnosticism
medieval Gnosticism
Christian Gnosticism [ Expand ]
Concepts
medieval Gnosticism
Christian Gnosticism [ Expand ]
Concepts
Gnosticism (from the Greek Γνωστικισμóς ; transl : ( gnostikismós ) ; Γνωσις of ( gnosis ) . 'Knowledge' , ( gnostikos ) : one who has the knowledge ) is a set of philosophical and religious currents that reached mimic syncretic with the Christianity in the first centuries of our era ( which he often referred to as " the High Theology " ) , been declared a heretic after thinking a step he met prestige among intellectuals cristãos.1 in fact , you can talk yourself into a pagan and a Christian Gnosticism Gnosticism , although the most significant Gnostic thought has been achieved as a heterodox strand of early Christianity .
Gnosticism was initially defined in the Christian context although some scholars assume that Gnosticism developed before or were contemporaries of Christianity , no Gnostic texts discovered today that are older than cristianismo4
The study of Gnosticism and early Christianity of Alexandria received a strong boost from the discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library in 1945
The term " Gnosticism
Irenaeus , who first used the term " gnostic " to describe the heresies
The term " Gnosticism " does not appear in ancient sources the term was coined by Henry More in a comment on the Seven Seals of the Apocalypse More gnosticisme used the term to describe the heresy in Thyatira ( Revelation 2:18 to Revelation 2:29 ) , the same direction as his contemporary Henry Hammond used the expression gnostick - Heresi . This last expression comes from heresiológica literature of early Christianity , especially Irenaeus of Lyon This occurs in the context of the work of Irenaeus Against Heresies , (Greek: ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς γνώσεως ψευδωνύμου ; elenchos kai tes anatrope pseudonymou gnoseos ) where the term " falsely called knowledge " ( gnosis pseudonymos ) covers various groups , not just Valentine , and is a quotation from the Apostle Paul's warning against " objections of a false science "in I Timothy 6:20 . The common meaning of gnostikos in classical Greek texts is "learned " or " intellectual " , as used in the comparison of "practical" ( praktikos ) and " intellectual " ( gnostikos ) dialogue between Plato , Socrates and the young foreigner in Politics ( 258E ) . Plato 's preference for the term "learned " is fairly typical in clássicos.11 texts
During the Hellenistic period , the term also came to be associated with the Greco- Roman mysteries , becoming synonymous with the Greek word musterion . The adjective is not used in the New Testament , but Clement of Alexandria in his Stromata Book 7 speaks of " worship" ( gnostikos ) Christian in good terms . The use of gnostikos regarding heresy originates with the interpretations of Irenaeus . Some scholars , for example A. Rousseau and L. Doutreleau , translator of the French edition (1974 ) , 12consideram Irenaeus sometimes uses gnostikos to simply mean " intellectual " , as in 1.25.6 , 1.11.3 , 1.11.5 , while his mention of " intellectual sect " (Adv. Haer . 1.11.1 ) is a specific designation . The use of Irenaeus by a more " learned " or "more knowledgeable " ( gnostikeron ) comparative adjective , of course , can not mean " more Gnostic " as a name Among the groups that Irenaeus identified as " intellectual " ( gnostikos ) , the followers of Marcellinas the Sethians or barbelognósticos use termognostikos themselves. Later Hippolytus used " learned " ( gnostikos ) of Cerinthus and the Ebionites as Epiphanius uses the same term only for specific groups .
The use of the term Gnosticism as a general category is problematic since even Irenaeus and his successors built a unique typology for the various existing today and covered by this term groups . The education evolves advances in characterizing that Gnosticism admits many exceções15 . The term " Gnosticism " has also been applied to many modern sects who have access to arcane initiation . Far from bringing a clarification becomes even more imprecise the concept , obstructing the true historical understanding
general characteristics
There is no single , uniform Gnostic system . However , there is sufficient evidence to justify a general characterization similarities , noting that not every system includes all elements and these termos17 . These features are specific to Christian Gnosticism ( antagonistically or not the figure of Christ form) :
• The estimation of the world , due to the above, as a product failure or a "mistake " , but possibly benevolent to the extent that the material limits allow the introduction of a distinct creator God or demiurge , that is an illusion and later emanation from the single monad or source . This second god is a smaller , inferior or false God . This creator god is commonly referred to as demiourgós . . The Gnostic demiurge bears resemblance to figures in Plato's Timaeus and the Republic . In the first case , the Demiurge is a central figure , a benevolent creator of the universe that works to make the universe as benevolent as possible within the limitations of matter will, in the latter , the description of an " unfair " desire in the blink model Sócratestem of resemblance to descriptions of the demiurge as having the shape of a lion , the relevant passage of the Republic was found in the Nag Hammadi Library Jesus is identified by some Gnostics as an incarnation of the Supreme Being to bring gnosis to the earth . Among the Mandaeans , Jesus was considered a mšiha kdaba or " false messiah " who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by John the Baptist . Other traditions identify Manichaean and Seven ) , as the third son of Adam and Eve , as the figure of salvation Desire special and intimate knowledge of the secrets of the universe . The Gnostic salvation was ignorance , not sin . Knowledge was not only the means of salvation , was the only real salvation . The knowledge was the knowledge of verdadeiroself , its place in the Pleroma and returned there
• Dualism and Monism
Typically, Gnostic systems are loosely described as being a " dualistic " nature , which means they have the view that the world consists of or explained by two fundamental entities . Hans Jonas writes : " The key feature of gnostic thought is the radical dualism that governs the relation of God and the world , and correspondingly that of man and the world" 25
radical dualism
Or absolute dualism posits two co - equal divine forces . Manichaeism conceives of two previously coexistent realms of light and darkness that have engaged in a conflict , due to the chaotic actions of the latter . Subsequently , some elements of light became entrapped within darkness, the purpose of the material creation is to enact the slow process of extraction of these individual elements , after which the kingdom of light will prevail over darkness .
qualified monism
Where are discussing whether the second entity is divine or semi - divine . The Elements of Valentinian versions of Gnostic myth suggest to some that their understanding of the universe may have been monistic rather than dualistic . Elaine Pagels states that " Valentinian gnosticism [ ... ] differs essentially from dualism while according Schoedel : " a standard element in the interpretation of Valentinianism and similar forms of Gnosticism is the recognition that they are fundamentally monistasNesses myths , the malevolence of demiurge is mitigated , his creation of a materiality failure is not due to lack of any moral on your part , but due to their imperfection in contrast to the higher authorities that he has no knowledge . As such, Valentinians already have less reason to treat physical reality with the same contempt that Setianistas Gnostics . The Valentinian tradition conceives materiality , not as a separate substance of the divine, but assigned a " misperception " that was symbolized mythical and poetic as the act of creation material.18
Concepts and terms
Note that the following text consists of summaries of the various Gnostic interpretations gathered . The roles of some more familiar beings such as Jesus Christ , Sophia and the Demiurge usually share central fear among the various systems , but there may be some different roles or identities assigned to them in each.
In many Gnostic systems , the various emanations of aeons are a superior god, which is also known by names such as Monad , Aion Teleos ( Greek: " The Perfect Aeon " ) , Bythos ( Greek: Βυθος - ' depth ' ) and many others ( see main article ) . This initial be also an Aeon , a number of different fume occurred , starting at some Gnostic texts ohermafrodita Barbelo whose successive pairs of Æons emanate , often called male-female pairs of sizígias , the number of these pairs varies from text to text although some identify their number as being thirty
Archon
Archon in the singular , (Greek: . Ἄρχων , pl ἄρχοντες ; " senior officer " , "chief " , " magistrate " ) would be any of the beings who were created together as the material world by a subordinate deity called the Demiurge ( Creator ) . The Gnostics were dualistasreligiosas , which held that matter is evil and the good spirit and that salvation is achieved through esoteric knowledge , or gnosis . Because the Gnostics of the second and third centuries - usually originated within Christianity - regarded the material world as evil or as definitely the product of error, the archons were seen as forces maléficas35 .
Abraxas / Abrasax
Abraxas or Abrasax is the Gnostic name for the demigod who rules the 365th aeon , the final ball and higher . Christians demonologists Abraxas put the same level of demons . Abraxas Jung called the " really terrible " for his ability to generate truth and falsehood , good and mail , light and shadow with the same words and the same commitment
Demiurge (Greek: δημιουργός )
" Aurora World " by William Blake , 1794
demiurge
The term Demiurge derives from the Latin form of the Greek word dēmiourgos ( δημιουργός ) , literally , " craftsman " , " someone with a specific skill," Demios of the people , popular (demos , persons or people ) and ourgos worker ( ergon , work) 37 . In Gnosticism , the Demiurge is not God but the Archon , or chief of the order of the lower spirits or aeons . According to the Gnostics , the Demiurge was able to endow man only with psyche ( sensuous soul) - pneuma ( rational soul ) would be added by God . The Gnostics identified the Demiurge with Jehovah of the Hebrews
Gnosis
Gnosticism comes from the Greek word gnosis ( γνῶσις ) " knowledge " means the direct knowledge of the divine that alone provides salvation (thus earning the nickname "High Theology " ) . For the ancient Gnostics , gnosis existed within the cosmology, myth, anthropology and practice used within their groups . Thus , the gnosis was not just the lighting but would be accompanied by an understanding - as expressed in the Summaries of Theodotus of Byzantium about " who we were , what we have become , where we were , where we launched , where we are going , what we are freed , which is the birth and rebirth that is
Gnosticism was initially defined in the Christian context although some scholars assume that Gnosticism developed before or were contemporaries of Christianity , no Gnostic texts discovered today that are older than cristianismo4
The study of Gnosticism and early Christianity of Alexandria received a strong boost from the discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library in 1945
The term " Gnosticism
Irenaeus , who first used the term " gnostic " to describe the heresies
The term " Gnosticism " does not appear in ancient sources the term was coined by Henry More in a comment on the Seven Seals of the Apocalypse More gnosticisme used the term to describe the heresy in Thyatira ( Revelation 2:18 to Revelation 2:29 ) , the same direction as his contemporary Henry Hammond used the expression gnostick - Heresi . This last expression comes from heresiológica literature of early Christianity , especially Irenaeus of Lyon This occurs in the context of the work of Irenaeus Against Heresies , (Greek: ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς γνώσεως ψευδωνύμου ; elenchos kai tes anatrope pseudonymou gnoseos ) where the term " falsely called knowledge " ( gnosis pseudonymos ) covers various groups , not just Valentine , and is a quotation from the Apostle Paul's warning against " objections of a false science "in I Timothy 6:20 . The common meaning of gnostikos in classical Greek texts is "learned " or " intellectual " , as used in the comparison of "practical" ( praktikos ) and " intellectual " ( gnostikos ) dialogue between Plato , Socrates and the young foreigner in Politics ( 258E ) . Plato 's preference for the term "learned " is fairly typical in clássicos.11 texts
During the Hellenistic period , the term also came to be associated with the Greco- Roman mysteries , becoming synonymous with the Greek word musterion . The adjective is not used in the New Testament , but Clement of Alexandria in his Stromata Book 7 speaks of " worship" ( gnostikos ) Christian in good terms . The use of gnostikos regarding heresy originates with the interpretations of Irenaeus . Some scholars , for example A. Rousseau and L. Doutreleau , translator of the French edition (1974 ) , 12consideram Irenaeus sometimes uses gnostikos to simply mean " intellectual " , as in 1.25.6 , 1.11.3 , 1.11.5 , while his mention of " intellectual sect " (Adv. Haer . 1.11.1 ) is a specific designation . The use of Irenaeus by a more " learned " or "more knowledgeable " ( gnostikeron ) comparative adjective , of course , can not mean " more Gnostic " as a name Among the groups that Irenaeus identified as " intellectual " ( gnostikos ) , the followers of Marcellinas the Sethians or barbelognósticos use termognostikos themselves. Later Hippolytus used " learned " ( gnostikos ) of Cerinthus and the Ebionites as Epiphanius uses the same term only for specific groups .
The use of the term Gnosticism as a general category is problematic since even Irenaeus and his successors built a unique typology for the various existing today and covered by this term groups . The education evolves advances in characterizing that Gnosticism admits many exceções15 . The term " Gnosticism " has also been applied to many modern sects who have access to arcane initiation . Far from bringing a clarification becomes even more imprecise the concept , obstructing the true historical understanding
general characteristics
There is no single , uniform Gnostic system . However , there is sufficient evidence to justify a general characterization similarities , noting that not every system includes all elements and these termos17 . These features are specific to Christian Gnosticism ( antagonistically or not the figure of Christ form) :
• The estimation of the world , due to the above, as a product failure or a "mistake " , but possibly benevolent to the extent that the material limits allow the introduction of a distinct creator God or demiurge , that is an illusion and later emanation from the single monad or source . This second god is a smaller , inferior or false God . This creator god is commonly referred to as demiourgós . . The Gnostic demiurge bears resemblance to figures in Plato's Timaeus and the Republic . In the first case , the Demiurge is a central figure , a benevolent creator of the universe that works to make the universe as benevolent as possible within the limitations of matter will, in the latter , the description of an " unfair " desire in the blink model Sócratestem of resemblance to descriptions of the demiurge as having the shape of a lion , the relevant passage of the Republic was found in the Nag Hammadi Library Jesus is identified by some Gnostics as an incarnation of the Supreme Being to bring gnosis to the earth . Among the Mandaeans , Jesus was considered a mšiha kdaba or " false messiah " who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by John the Baptist . Other traditions identify Manichaean and Seven ) , as the third son of Adam and Eve , as the figure of salvation Desire special and intimate knowledge of the secrets of the universe . The Gnostic salvation was ignorance , not sin . Knowledge was not only the means of salvation , was the only real salvation . The knowledge was the knowledge of verdadeiroself , its place in the Pleroma and returned there
• Dualism and Monism
Typically, Gnostic systems are loosely described as being a " dualistic " nature , which means they have the view that the world consists of or explained by two fundamental entities . Hans Jonas writes : " The key feature of gnostic thought is the radical dualism that governs the relation of God and the world , and correspondingly that of man and the world" 25
radical dualism
Or absolute dualism posits two co - equal divine forces . Manichaeism conceives of two previously coexistent realms of light and darkness that have engaged in a conflict , due to the chaotic actions of the latter . Subsequently , some elements of light became entrapped within darkness, the purpose of the material creation is to enact the slow process of extraction of these individual elements , after which the kingdom of light will prevail over darkness .
qualified monism
Where are discussing whether the second entity is divine or semi - divine . The Elements of Valentinian versions of Gnostic myth suggest to some that their understanding of the universe may have been monistic rather than dualistic . Elaine Pagels states that " Valentinian gnosticism [ ... ] differs essentially from dualism while according Schoedel : " a standard element in the interpretation of Valentinianism and similar forms of Gnosticism is the recognition that they are fundamentally monistasNesses myths , the malevolence of demiurge is mitigated , his creation of a materiality failure is not due to lack of any moral on your part , but due to their imperfection in contrast to the higher authorities that he has no knowledge . As such, Valentinians already have less reason to treat physical reality with the same contempt that Setianistas Gnostics . The Valentinian tradition conceives materiality , not as a separate substance of the divine, but assigned a " misperception " that was symbolized mythical and poetic as the act of creation material.18
Concepts and terms
Note that the following text consists of summaries of the various Gnostic interpretations gathered . The roles of some more familiar beings such as Jesus Christ , Sophia and the Demiurge usually share central fear among the various systems , but there may be some different roles or identities assigned to them in each.
In many Gnostic systems , the various emanations of aeons are a superior god, which is also known by names such as Monad , Aion Teleos ( Greek: " The Perfect Aeon " ) , Bythos ( Greek: Βυθος - ' depth ' ) and many others ( see main article ) . This initial be also an Aeon , a number of different fume occurred , starting at some Gnostic texts ohermafrodita Barbelo whose successive pairs of Æons emanate , often called male-female pairs of sizígias , the number of these pairs varies from text to text although some identify their number as being thirty
Archon
Archon in the singular , (Greek: . Ἄρχων , pl ἄρχοντες ; " senior officer " , "chief " , " magistrate " ) would be any of the beings who were created together as the material world by a subordinate deity called the Demiurge ( Creator ) . The Gnostics were dualistasreligiosas , which held that matter is evil and the good spirit and that salvation is achieved through esoteric knowledge , or gnosis . Because the Gnostics of the second and third centuries - usually originated within Christianity - regarded the material world as evil or as definitely the product of error, the archons were seen as forces maléficas35 .
Abraxas / Abrasax
Abraxas or Abrasax is the Gnostic name for the demigod who rules the 365th aeon , the final ball and higher . Christians demonologists Abraxas put the same level of demons . Abraxas Jung called the " really terrible " for his ability to generate truth and falsehood , good and mail , light and shadow with the same words and the same commitment
Demiurge (Greek: δημιουργός )
" Aurora World " by William Blake , 1794
demiurge
The term Demiurge derives from the Latin form of the Greek word dēmiourgos ( δημιουργός ) , literally , " craftsman " , " someone with a specific skill," Demios of the people , popular (demos , persons or people ) and ourgos worker ( ergon , work) 37 . In Gnosticism , the Demiurge is not God but the Archon , or chief of the order of the lower spirits or aeons . According to the Gnostics , the Demiurge was able to endow man only with psyche ( sensuous soul) - pneuma ( rational soul ) would be added by God . The Gnostics identified the Demiurge with Jehovah of the Hebrews
Gnosis
Gnosticism comes from the Greek word gnosis ( γνῶσις ) " knowledge " means the direct knowledge of the divine that alone provides salvation (thus earning the nickname "High Theology " ) . For the ancient Gnostics , gnosis existed within the cosmology, myth, anthropology and practice used within their groups . Thus , the gnosis was not just the lighting but would be accompanied by an understanding - as expressed in the Summaries of Theodotus of Byzantium about " who we were , what we have become , where we were , where we launched , where we are going , what we are freed , which is the birth and rebirth that is
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